Process for synthesizing beta-lactamase inhibitor intermediates

ABSTRACT

There is provided a process for the preparation of bicyclicheteroaryl carboxaldehydes having the structural Formula I where X and Y are defined in the specification  
                 
The bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehydes are useful as intermediates in the preparation of β-lactamase inhibitors.

This application is a divisional application of copending application, application Ser. No. 10/844,243 filed May 12, 2004 which claims priority from provisional application, Application No. 60/471,458 filed on May 16, 2003. These applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a process for synthesizing intermediate bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehydes useful in the synthesis of β-lactamase inhibitors which are useful in antibiotic therapy.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

New improved antibiotics are continually in demand, for the treatment of diseases in man. According to the World Health Organization, more than 95% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates worldwide are now resistant to penicillin and up to 60% are resistant to methicillin (Breithaupt, H. Nat Biotechnol. 17(12), 1165-9 (1999) and the references therein). Resistance is spreading from hospital-acquired infections to community-acquired pathogens, such as pneumococci and tuberculosis.

Penicillins and cephalosporins are the most frequently and widely used β-lactam antibiotics in the clinic. However, the development of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics by different pathogens has had a damaging effect on maintaining the effective treatment of bacterial infections. (Coleman, K. Expert Opin. Invest Drugs 1995, 4, 693; Sutherland, R. Infection 1995, 23 (4) 191; Bush, K, Cur. Pharm. Design 1999, 5, 839-845) The most significant known mechanism related to the development of bacterial resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics is the production of class-A, class-B and class-C serine β-lactamases. These enzymes degrade the β-lactam antibiotics, resulting in the loss of antibacterial activity. Class-A enzymes preferentially hydrolyze penicillins where as Class-C lactamases have a substrate profile favoring cephalosporin hydrolysis. (Bush, K.; Jacoby, G. A.; Medeiros, A. A. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1995, 39, 1211). To date over 250 different β-lactamases have been reported (Payne, D. J,: Du, W and Bateson, J. H. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 2000, 247.) and there is a need for a new generation of broad spectrum β-lactamase inhibitors. Bacterial resistance to these antibiotics could be greatly reduced by administering the β-lactam antibiotic in combination with a compound which inhibits these enzymes. Accordingly, there is an ongoing need to discover new methods for the preparation of β-lactamase inhibitors.

The present invention satisfies the need for new processes for the preparation of β-lactamase inhibitors wherein said processes also provide advantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a new process for the preparation of intermediate bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehydes, of Formula I, useful for the synthesis of bicyclic heteroaryl substituted 6-alkylidene penems,

-   wherein: -   Y is (CH₂)_(n); -   n is 1 or 2; -   X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; -   R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); -   provided n is 2 when X is NR or O.

Alkyl is straight or branched chain alkyl moieties of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆) means an alkyl moiety of 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with an aryl moiety wherein the aryl moiety is defined as an aromatic hydrocarbon moiety having 6 to 12 carbon atoms and selected from the group: phenyl, α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl, biphenyl, anthryl, tetrahydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, biphenylenyl, and acenaphthenyl. Arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆) moieties include benzyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylethyl, 2-phenylpropyl, 4-nitrobenzyl and the like.

Bicyclic 6-alkylidene-penems are useful as betalactamase inhibitors. Bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehydes are key intermediates in the preparation of bicyclic heteroaryl substituted 6-alkylidene penems which have β-lactamase inhibitory and antibacterial properties and which includes (5R,6Z)-6-(5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazol-2-yl-methylene)-7-oxo-4-thiazabicyclo-[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, sodium salt.

In particular, key intermediates in the preparation of bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehydes as described herein are bicyclic heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acids which are advantageously selectively synthesized from a mixture of ester isomers by aqueous base hydrolysis of the desired ester and isolation of the resultant carboxylic acid product as the potassium salt.

An earlier patent application describes the preparation of bicyclic heteroaryl-2-carboxyaldehydes from a mixture of positional esters via chromatographic separation, reduction of the appropriate ester to the alcohol, and oxidation of the alcohol to the aldehyde (see U.S. Ser. No. 60/377052, filed May 1, 2002, Wyeth Case AM100862L1). The synthesis described herein eliminates the need for chromatography.

The present invention solves the problems of the existing methods and provides a method for the preparation of bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehydes of Formula I.

In this disclosure a number of terms are used and the following definitions are provided.

Aryl, as used herein refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon moiety of 6-12 carbon atoms and selected from the group: phenyl, α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl, biphenyl, anthryl, tetrahydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, biphenylenyl, and acenaphthenyl.

As used herein, the term, C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic saturated ring having 5 to 6 carbon atoms. Exemplary cycloalkyl rings include cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

As used herein, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the basic compounds prepared the processes of this invention are those derived from such organic and inorganic acids as: lactic, citric, acetic, tartaric, fumaric, succinic, maleic, malonic, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, nitric, sulfuric, methanesulfonic, and similarly known acceptable acids. Where a carboxyl group is present, salts of the compounds prepared by the processes of this invention may be formed with bases such as alkali metals (Na, K, Li) or alkaline earth metals (Ca or Mg).

As used herein, mineral acids mean sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and the like.

As used herein, the term “reacting” is intended to represent bringing the chemical reactants together under conditions such to cause the chemical reaction indicated to take place.

The term “leaving group” generally refers to groups readily displaceable by a nucleophile, such as an amine. Such leaving groups are well known in the art. Examples of such leaving groups include, but are not limited to, N-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxybenzotriazole, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole and the like.

In particular this invention provides a process for the preparation of bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehydes of Formula I

-   wherein: -   Y is (CH₂)_(n); -   n is 1 or 2; -   X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; -   R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); -   provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; -   which process comprises the steps of: -   a. nitrosating an amino acid 1 of the formula -   wherein X and Y are defined as above with a nitrosating reagent to     form a nitroso compound of formula 2 wherein X and Y are defined as     above -   b. reacting the nitroso compound 2 with a dehydrating agent and     neutralizing with inorganic base to form the ylide of formula 3     wherein X and Y are defined as above -   c. reacting the ylide of formula 3 with a propiolate ester of     formula 4     HC≡CCO₂R₁   4 -   where R₁ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in aprotic solvents to     form a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5 and     bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 wherein R₁, X and Y are     defined as above -   d. reacting the mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl 3-carboxylate ester 5     and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 with a hydrolyzing     reagent MOR₅ where M is an alkali metal or R₄N where R₄ is straight     or branched alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms when R₅ is H, in an alcohol     solvent, or when M is an alkali metal and R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 6     carbon atoms in an aqueous alcohol solvent to preferentially form a     salt 7 of the formula wherein X, Y and M are defined as above -   e. isolating the salt 7; -   f. reacting the salt 7 with acid to form     bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 where X and Y are defined as     above -   g. reacting the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 or salts     thereof with an acid halide reagent or coupling reagent to form an     activated intermediate 9 where Q is a leaving group formed from the     coupling reagent or acid halide reagent and wherein X and Y are     defined as above -   h. reacting an activated intermediate 9 or the     bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 with a substituted     hydroxylamine of the formula R₃NHOR₂ 10 where R₂ and R₃ are     independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the presence of an     organic base or inorganic base to provide an amide of formula 11     wherein X, Y, R₂ and R₃ are defined as above -   i. reducing the amide 11 with a reducing agent to provide a bicyclic     heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I wherein X and Y are defined     as above -   and isolating the heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I.

A further embodiment of this invention provides a process for the preparation of bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehydes of Formula I

-   wherein: -   Y is (CH₂)_(n); -   n is 1 or 2; -   X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; -   R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); -   provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; -   which process comprises the steps of: -   a. reacting a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5     and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 wherein R₁ is alkyl of     1 to 6 carbon atoms and X and Y are defined as above -   with a hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ where M is an alkali metal or R₄N     where R₄ is straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms when     R₅ is H, in an alcohol solvent, or when M is an alkali metal and R₅     is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in an aqueous alcohol solvent to     preferentially form a salt 7 wherein X, Y and M are defined as above -   b. isolating the salt 7; -   c. reacting the salt 7 with acid to form     bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 of the formula wherein X and     Y are defined as above -   d. reacting the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 or     pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof with an acid halide     reagent or coupling reagent to form an activated intermediate of     formula 9 wherein X and Y are defined as above, where Q is a leaving     group formed from the coupling reagent or acid halide reagent -   e. reacting an activated intermediate of formula 9 or the     bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 with a substituted     hydroxylamine of the formula R₃NHOR₂ 10 where R₂ and R₃ are     independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the presence of an     organic base or inorganic base to provide an amide of formula 11     wherein X, Y, R₂ and R₃ are defined as above -   f. reducing the amide of formula 11 with a reducing agent to provide     a bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I wherein X and Y     are defined as above -   and isolating the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I.

A further embodiment of this invention provides a process for the preparation of bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid salt of formula 7

-   wherein: -   Y is (CH₂)_(n); -   n is 1 or 2; -   X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; -   R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); -   M is an alkali metal; -   provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; -   which process comprises the steps of: -   a. reacting a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5     and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 wherein R₁ is alkyl of     1 to 6 carbon atoms and X and Y are defined as above -   with a hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ where M is an alkali metal or R₄N     where R₄ is straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms when     R₅ is H, in an alcohol solvent, or when M is an alkali metal and R₅     is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in an aqueous alcohol solvent to     preferentially form a salt 7 of the formula wherein X, Y and M are     defined as above -   c. isolating the salt 7; -   d. optionally reacting the salt 7 with acid to form the     bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 of the formula wherein X and     Y are defined as above -   and isolating the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8.

An additional embodiment of this invention provides an amide of formula 11

-   wherein: -   Y is (CH₂)_(n); -   n is 1 or 2; -   X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; -   R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); -   provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; -   R₂ and R₃ are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

A preferred embodiment of an amide 11 are compounds where X is —CH₂—.

In particular compounds of formula 11 include: N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide.

A further embodiment of this invention additionally provides a compound of formula 7

-   wherein: -   Y is (CH₂)_(n); -   n is 1 or 2; -   X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; -   R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); -   provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; -   M is an alkali metal.

A preferred embodiment of formula 7 are compounds where M is potassium and X is —CH₂—.

In particular compounds of formula 7 include: potassium salt of 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid.

A further embodiment of this invention includes:

A process for the preparation of bicyclic heteroaryl penem-2-carboxylic acid 16 protected acid, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or preferably an alkali metal salt of the formula

-   wherein: -   one of A and B denotes hydrogen and the other a moiety -   Y is (CH₂)_(n); -   n is 1 or 2; -   X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; -   R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); -   provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; -   R₃ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; -   R6 is H, an in vivo hydrolyzable ester selected from the group C₁-C₆     alkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, —CHR₃OCOC₁-C₆, benzyl or p-nitrobenzyl     protecting groups or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, preferably     an alkali metal salt; -   which process comprises the steps of: -   a. nitrosating an amino acid I of the formula -   wherein X and Y are defined as above with a nitrosating reagent to     form a nitroso compound of formula 2 wherein X and Y are defined as     above -   b. reacting the nitroso compound 2 with a dehydrating agent and     neutralizing with inorganic base to form the ylide of formula 3     wherein X and Y are defined as above -   c. reacting the ylide of formula 3 with a propiolate ester of     formula 4     HC≡CCO₂R₁   4 -   where R₁ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in aprotic solvents to     form a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylic acid ester 5 and     bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid ester 6 wherein R₁, X and Y     are defined as above -   d. reacting the mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylic ester 5     and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic ester 6 with a hydrolyzing     reagent MOR₅ where M is an alkali metal or R₄N where R₄ is straight     or branched alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms when R₅ is H, in an alcohol     solvent, or when M is an alkali metal and R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 6     carbon atoms in an aqueous alcohol solvent to preferentially form a     salt 7 of the formula wherein X, Y and M are defined as above -   e. isolating the salt 7; -   f. reacting the salt 7 with mineral acid to form bicyclic-heteroaryl     2-carboxylic acid 8 of formula -   g. reacting the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 or salts     thereof with an acid halide reagent or coupling reagent to form an     activated intermediate of formula 9 where Q is a leaving group     formed from the coupling reagent or acid halide reagent wherein X     and Y are defined as above -   reacting an activated intermediate of formula 9 or the     bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 with a substituted     hydroxylamine of the formula R₃NHOR₂ 10 where R₂ and R₃ are     independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the presence of an     organic base to provide an amide of formula 11 wherein X, Y, R₂, and     R₃ are defined as above -   h. reducing the amide of formula 11 with a reducing agent to provide     a bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I wherein X and Y,     are defined as above -   i. condensing the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I     with bromo-penem 13 of the formula -   R₆ having a protected acid where R₆ is an in vivo hydrolyzable ester     selected from the group C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, and     —CHR₃OCOC₁-C₆ or additionally benzyl or p-nitrobenzyl protecting     groups; -   in the presence of a Lewis acid, and a mild base to form an aldol 14     of the formula wherein X, Y and R₆ are defined as above -   j. reacting aldol 14 with an acid chloride or anhydride, (R₄)Cl or     (R₄)₂O, or with tetrahalomethane, C(X₁)₄, and triphenyl phosphine,     to form intermediate compound 15 wherein R₄ is alkylSO₂, arylSO₂,     alkylCO, or arylCO; X₁ is Br, I, or Cl; X, Y and R₆ are as defined     above; and R₅ is X₁ or OR₄; and -   k. converting the intermediate compound 15 by a reductive     elimination process to the bicyclic-heteroaryl-penem-2-carboxylic     acid 16 where R₆ is H and A and B are defined as above and if     desired converting to an ester wherein R₆ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₅-C₆     cycloalkyl, or —CHR₃OCOC₁-C₆, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     preferably an alkali metal salt of the formula -   and isolating the bicyclic-heteroaryl-penem-2-carboxylic acid 16     preferably as an alkali metal salt.

The invention further provides a process for the preparation of a compound having Formula I or 16 which process comprises reducing a compound having formula 11 to provide a bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde having Formula I and, where a compound having formula 16 is desired, converting the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde having Formula I into the compound having formula 16. The compound having formula 16 may be prepared from the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde having formula I in the manner described in WO 03/093279.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As described in Scheme I, amino acid 1 (L, D or racemic) where X, Y, are hereinbefore described are nitrosated in the presence of a nitrosating reagent which includes sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid to afford 1-nitroso-amino acid 2 which is further reacted with a dehydrating agent, which includes but not limited to trifluoroacetic anhydride, by using the described method (Ranganathan, D.; Shakti, B. “A Novel Proline Derived Meso-Ionic Synthon.” Tetrahedron Letts. 1983: 24 (10); 1067-1070) with work-up modifications which include neutralization of the reaction mixture with an aqueous solution of an inorganic base such a potassium bicarbonate, or potassium carbonate (and the like) or an anhydrous inorganic base such as powdered potassium carbonate and extraction of the desired product with a solvent such as dichloromethane which eliminates the need for chromatography, to prepare ylide 3. Reaction of ylide 3 with propiolate esters 4 where R₁ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as ethyl propiolate using the method (Ranganathan, D.; Shakti, B. “A Novel Proline Derived Meso-Ionic Synthon.” Tetrahedron Letts. 1983: 24 (10); 1067-1070), preferably R₁ is methyl or ethyl, in aprotic solvents, which include substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, (e.g. chlorobenzene, mesitylene and the like), substituted amides (e.g. N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide and the like), sulfoxides (e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide and the like) and ethers (e.g. ethers of ethylene glycol such as 1,2-diethyl, 1,2-dimethyl and the like) affords a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 wherein R₁, X and Y are as defined above. Preferred reaction temperatures are in the range of about 100-165° C. Preferred solvents are ethers of ethylene glycol (diethyl, dimethyl and the like) substituted amides (N,N-dimethylformamide) and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene in which a mixture of esters, bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate 6 are formed in a ratio, in the range of about 1.5:1 to about 3:1 favoring the desired bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate 6. Especially preferred solvents include diethyl ethylene glycol (1,2-diethoxyethane, DEE), or chlorobenzene wherein the reaction is complete in about 8-12 hours at a reaction temperature of about 120-125° C. and provides a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5, in a ratio in the range of about 1.5:1 to about 2.5:1 in a ratio favorable to the desired bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6, with little contamination from polymeric materials.

In a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5 the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 is selectively hydrolyzed over the bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5 in a suitable solvent, preferably an alcohol solvent, most preferably ethyl alcohol by reacting with a hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ where R₅ is H and M is an alkali metal salt selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium and potassium or optionally M is R₄N to afford bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 7, in particular, where M is an alkali metal salt, preferably sodium or potassium.

The stoichiometry (moles) of hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ where R₅ is H and M is an alkali metal salt is at least equivalent to the stoichiometric (moles) of the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate 6 and may optionally be up to 2 times the total quantity (moles) of the bicyclic-heteroaryl 2-carboxylate ester 6 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5. Suitable solvents used are typically alcohols, straight chain or branched of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The reaction time is dependant on temperature, solvent, the hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅, in particular an alkali metal hydroxide where M is an alkali metal and R₅ is H (and its quantity) and the type of ester (methyl, ethyl, propyl and the like) present in the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5. The reaction temperature may be in the range of about 0-50° C. and the reaction time may be in the range of about 0.5-48 hours. The alkali metal salt bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 7 of bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 can be isolated by direct crystallization of the salt from the reaction medium or crystallization maybe optionally induced by the addition of a non polar, solvent such as ether, tert-butylmethyl ether, hexane, heptane and the like. Optionally, bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 may be isolated by chromatographic methods before reacting with a hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅, in particular an alkali metal hydroxide where M is an alkali metal and R₅ is H or where M is R₄N as described hereinbefore. Preferred alkali metal hydroxides include sodium or potassium hydroxide where M is sodium and potassium. Most particularly preferred, M is potassium.

Preferred reaction solvents are alcohols selected from methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol. Preferred reaction temperatures are in the range of about 15-40° C. Especially preferred is the alkali metal hydroxide, potassium hydroxide (85% w/w) in reaction solvent 2B (anhydrous) ethanol in the temperature range of about 15-30° C. Said especially preferred method is used for the preparation of the especially preferred, potassium salt of 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate, using a ratio in the range of about 1.5:1 to about 2.5:1 mixture of the ethyl esters, ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate and ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate, respectively. The product, potassium 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate, is obtained in at least 81% yield (after a reaction time of about 4-7 hours at about 15-22° C.). However, if impurities (such as potassium 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate) are present they may optionally be removed by slurrying in 2B ethanol (anhydrous).

The alkali metal salts of bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 7 may be converted to the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 by treatment with an aqueous mineral acid (such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acids) and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 (M is defined as H) may be isolated by extraction with a suitable organic solvent, such as ethyl acetate.

Optionally in a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5 the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 is selectively hydrolyzed over the bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5 in a suitable solvent, preferably an aqueous alcohol solvent, most preferably ethyl alcohol and in particular 3-A alcohol by reacting with a hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ where R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and M is an alkali metal salt selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium and potassium, more particularly sodium or potassium to afford bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 7, in particular, where M is an alkali metal salt, preferably sodium or potassium.

The stoichiometry (moles) of hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ where R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and M is an alkali metal salt is at least equivalent to the stoichiometric (moles) of the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate 6 and may optionally be up to 2 times the total quantity (moles) of the bicyclic-heteroaryl 2-carboxylate ester 6 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5. Additionally, the aqueous alcohol has at least 2 times the total quantity (moles) of the bicyclic-heteroaryl 2-carboxylate ester 6 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5, as water. A preferred alcohol solvent is 3-A alcohol which has about 7% water.

As further described in Scheme I, conversion of bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 (where M is H) and its alkali metal salts (where M is sodium, potassium, lithium and the like) to an activated intermediate 9 is accomplished in several ways. Preferably, reaction of bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 with acid halide reagents SO₂Q₂ or QCOCOQ where Q is chloro or bromo selected from oxalyl chloride, thionyl chloride (SOCl₂), and thionyl bromide and the like in an appropriate aprotic solvent (such as dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, toluene, dimethoxyethane and the like) preferably in the presence of an N,N-dialkylamide catalyst such as N,N-dimethylformamide at an appropriate temperature (−10-30° C.) affords activated intermediate 9 where Q is chloro or bromo. The activated intermediate 9 thus generated is reacted with a substituted hydroxylamine R₃NHOR₂ 10 where R₂ and R₃ are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms [i.e. R₃NHOR₂, wherein R₃, R₂=Me, i.e. O,N-dimethylhydroxylamine and the like] in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane, toluene, dimethoxyethane and the like, in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, pyridine and the like, in a temperature range of about −10-50° C., to provide amide 11 wherein X, Y, R₂ and R₃ are defined as above. A preferred method involves generating the activated intermediate 9 where Q is Cl with oxalyl chloride in dichloromethane at about 0-25° C. in the presence of a catalytic amount of N,N-dimethylformamide and then reacting the activated intermediate 9 where Q is Cl with a substituted hydroxylamine hydrochloride 10 in the presence of an organic base such as pyridine or N,N-diisopropylethylamine in the temperature range of about 0-25° C. to afford amide 11 wherein X, Y, R₂ and R₃ are defined as above.

Alternatively, the activated intermediate 9 where Q is Cl or Br may be reacted with substituted hydroxylamine hydrochloride 10 in a two phase system such as dichloromethane, toluene, ethyl acetate and the like and water in the presence of an inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate and the like. An especially preferred method for forming the amide 11 wherein X, Y, R₂ and R₃ are defined as above, is to use Schotten-Baumen conditions in which a solution of the activated intermediate 9 of bicyclic-heteroaryl 2-carboxylic acid where Q is Cl in dichloromethane (generated from thionyl chloride/N,N-dimethylformamide) is reacted with an aqueous solution of substituted hydroxylamine 10 in the presence of an inorganic base, potassium carbonate, in the temperature range of about 10-20° C. In particular, N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxamide is prepared by Schotten-Baumen conditions without requiring further purification after isolation.

Coupling of a bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8, which includes 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid, with a substituted hydroxylamine, 10 (scheme I), to synthesize an amide 11 wherein X, Y, R₂ and R₃ are defined as above can be accomplished using several procedures.

In a typical coupling procedure, the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 and substituted hydroxylamine 10 are combined with a suitable coupling reagent. A suitable coupling reagent converts the carboxylic acid group into a activated intermediate 9 where Q is a leaving group formed from the coupling reagent, such that an amide linkage is formed between the carboxylic acid and the substituted hydroxylamine.

Examples of suitable coupling reagents include 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride-hydroxybenzotriazole (DEC/HBT), carbonyldiimidazole, carbonyldimidazole/hydroxybenzotriazole dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/HBT, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide, 2-ethoxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ), 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide, diphenylphosphinyl chloride (DPPCl), propanephosphonic anhydride (propanephosphonic acid anhydride, PAA), diethylphosphoryl cyanide, phenyldichlorophosphate plus imidazole, benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP-reagent), N,N′bis[2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl]phosphorodiamidic chloride (BOB Cl), 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, bromo-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate and benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. The coupling reaction may optionally be in several steps or in a telescoped process.

A typical coupling reaction is generally performed in an inert solvent, preferably an aprotic solvent at a temperature of about −20° C. to about 50° C. for about 1 to about 48 hours, optionally in the presence of a tertiary amine such as, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-methylpyrrolidine, triethylamine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine, pyridine and the like. Suitable solvents include acetonitrile, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or chloroform or mixtures thereof. In an example of a multistep coupling process, the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 is reacted with a coupling reagent to form an activated intermediate 9, where Q is a leaving group, which may optionally be isolated. In a second step, the activated intermediate 9 is then reacted with the substituted hydroxylamine 10 to form the amide 11. Further examples of coupling reagents that convert an acid to an activated intermediate include thionyl chloride, thionyl bromide, oxalyl chloride, cyanuric fluoride, which forms acid fluorides (Q is F), or an alkyl chloroformate such as isobutyl or isopropenyl chloroformate (in the presence of a tertiary amine base), forming a mixed anhydride of the carboxylic acid. An additional example of a coupling reagent for preparing mixed anhydrides is 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride [Inanaga et al. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 52, 1989 (1979)]. The coupling reaction is generally performed in an inert solvent, preferably an aprotic solvent at a temperature of about −20° C. to 30° C. for about 1 to about 24 hours, optionally in the presence of a tertiary amine such as, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-methylpyrrolidine, triethylamine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 2,6-di-tert.-butyl-4-methylpyridine, pyridine and the like. Suitable solvents include acetonitrile, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or chloroform or mixtures thereof. The second step for coupling of the activated intermediate 9 has hereinbefore been described where the activated intermediate is prepared from a salt of the carboxylic acid. In the second step when the activated is a mixed anhydride the amine in a suitable solvent, hereinbefore defined, is added to the solution of the mixed anhydride, in the presence of a suitable base, hereinbefore defined, at the temperature used for activation and the temperature is slowly adjusted to about 30° C. The amine is added to the solution at the temperature used for activation and the temperature is slowly adjusted to about 30° C. The reaction time is about 1-48 h.

Other examples of coupling reagents which convert a carboxylic acid into an activated intermediate, optionally isolated, such as an activated ester, include pentafluorophenyl trifluoroacetate which provides an activated phenolic ester. In particular, simple esters such as methyl, ethyl and propyl, made by reaction of 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid with the corresponding alcohols using conventional methods, may also serve as activated intermediates. Coupling reagents that provide an activated intermediate, such as, an acyl azide further include diphenylphoshoryl azide. Coupling reagents that provide an activated intermediate, such as, an acyl cyanide include diethylphosphoryl cyanide.

The coupling reaction is in general carried out between about −30° C. and 60° C. conveniently at or below 0° C. In the second step, the substituted hydroxylamine is added to the solution of activated intermediate 9 at the temperature used for activation and the temperature is slowly adjusted to about 30° C. The reaction time is about 1-96 h. Additional coupling reagents are hereinbefore defined.

Reducing the amide 11 wherein X, Y, R₂ and R₃ are defined as above to produce the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde, of Formula I may be effected with a reducing agent which includes an excess of hydride reagents, selected from lithium aluminum hydride and disobutyl aluminum hydride [DIBAL(H)] in solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, ether and toluene at temperatures between about −10 and 25° C. The use of lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran at temperatures in the range of about 0-25° C. is preferred. An especially preferred method is described wherein the reducing reagent is lithium aluminum hydride [0.5 mol per mol. of amide] and the reaction solvent is tetrahydrofuran. The reaction temperature is kept at about 0-5° C. for about 18 hours. To reduce the quantity of a by-product, alcohol 12, generated on quenching the reaction mixture with water, the reaction mixture is preferentially, quenched by adding the reaction mixture to a solution of tetrahydrofuran and water. Acid extraction with dichloromethane is preferred. Especially preferred is purification of the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde, of Formula I via a water soluble, sodium bisulfite complex which in particular effectively removes residual alcohol 12.

As further described in Scheme II bicyclic-heteroarylpenem-2-carboxylic acid 16, protected acid or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, preferably an alkali metal salt where, one of A and B denotes a hydrogen and the other a moiety

wherein X and Y are defined as above, can be prepared by condensing bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehydes 11 prepared as described in Scheme I with 6-bromo-penem 13 having a protected acid where R₆ is an in vivo hydrolyzable ester selected from the group C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, and CHR₃OCOC₁-C₆ wherein R₃ is defined as above or additionally benzyl or p-nitrobenzyl protecting groups in the presence of a Lewis acid, preferably anhydrous magnesium halide more preferably anhydrous MgBr₂ or MgBr₂: etherate and a mild base such as triethylamine, dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), or diisopropyl ethyl amine, at low temperature preferably at about −20° C. to −40° C. to afford aldol 14 which can be functionalized with acid chlorides or anhydrides preferably to an acetate, triflate or a tosylate or optionally can be converted to a halogen derivative by reaction with tetrahalomethane and triphenyl phosphine at room temperature in a suitable organic solvent preferably CH₂Cl₂ to give intermediate 15. Reacting aldol 14 with an acid chloride or anhydride, (R₄)Cl or (R₄)O, or with tetrahalomethane, C(X₁)₄, and triphenyl phosphine, forms intermediate compound 15 wherein R₄ is alkylSO₂, alkylCO, or arylCO; X₁ is Br, I, or Cl; A and R are as defined above; and R₆ is X₁ or OR₄. The intermediate 15 can be converted to the desired bicyclic-heteroaryl-penem-2-carboxylic acid 16 protected acid or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, preferably an alkali metal salt by a reductive elimination process using a metal such as activated zinc and phosphate buffer at mild temperatures preferably about 20° C. to 35° C. at a pH of about 6.5 to 8.0 or hydrogenating over a catalyst preferably palladium on charcoal. It should be noted that the reductive elimination step could be conducted such that deprotection of the carboxyl group occurs. If the protecting group on the carboxylate oxygen is para-nitrobenzyl substituent then the reductive elimination and deprotection can be achieved by a single step. However if the protecting group is other than para-nitrobenzyl substituent, a two step procedure can be followed depending up on the nature of the protecting group. The product can be isolated as a free acid or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, preferably as an alkali metal salt. The above mentioned two step procedure can be carried out in one step by carrying out the entire process without isolating the intermediate 15. Additionally, the free acid or alkali metal salt may be converted to an ester where R₆ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, and —CHR₃OCOC₁-C₆.

The invention is further described in connection with the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLE 1 (2S)-1-Nitrosoproline

To a solution of L-proline (2.50 kg, 21.6 moles) and sodium nitrite (2.10 kg, 30.4 moles) in water (5.0 L) maintained at 0-10° C. is added concentrated hydrochloric acid (2.53 L) and the resulting slurry is stirred for 16 hours at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture is extracted with t-butyl methyl ether (1×6 L+2×3 L) and the organic solution is concentrated using a rotary evaporator with a bath temperature below 35° C. Residual water is removed by evaporation with 2.0 L of toluene. The resulting (2S)-1-nitrosoproline (3.25 kg, 105%) is isolated as a yellow solid and dried under vacuum at 25° C., m.p. 100-102° C., HPLC purity, 96.3% (area % HPLC conditions described in Example 7) and residual toluene, 4%. The product of the example is used directly, without further purification, in the next step (see example 2).

EXAMPLE 2 3a,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium Ylide

Trifluoroacetic anhydride (3.86 kg, 18.4 moles) is added slowly to a slurry of (2S)-1-nitrosoproline (1.75 kg, 12.2 moles from example 1) in toluene (6 L) below 10° C. The resulting dark-red solution is stirred for 2 hours at ambient temperature and the reaction is quenched by adding the dark-red solution to a stirred mixture of potassium carbonate (2.70 kg, 19.6 moles), dichloromethane (3.5 L) and water (2.0 L) below 25° C. Following complete addition and after separating the upper organic layer, the aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (3×3.0 L). The combined organic extracts are concentrated under vacuum using a rotary evaporator with a bath temperature at 35-45° C. Residual water is removed by evaporation with toluene (2.0 L) to afford the title compound as a dark liquid, which solidified upon standing (0.91 kg, 58% yield over 2 steps). The product of the example, 3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium ylide, is 89.8% pure by HPLC (area % HPLC conditions described in Example 17) and by HPLC strength, 92.9% and by GC-MS the purity is 99.2%. The product of the example is used directly in the next step (see example 5).

EXAMPLE 3 3a,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium Ylide

To a solution of (2S)-1-nitroso-proline (9.20 g, 0.0638 mol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) under nitrogen at 0-5° C. is added trifluoroacetic anhydride (12 mL, 0.0850 mol) dropwise over a period of 10 minutes. After 15 minutes all the solid had dissolved and the solution started to turn colored. After a total reaction time of 20 minutes the dark solution is poured into a magnetically stirred mixture of potassium bicarbonate (22 g) and water (50 ml) using dichloromethane (50 mL) as a rinse. The lower organic phase is separated and the dark colored, aqueous phase is extracted with dichloromethane (3×50 mL). The combined organic extracts are dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate overnight. The drying agent is collected on a filter and washed with dichloromethane (50 mL). The dark red filtrate and washings are evaporated to a dark red, mobile, oil (7.17 g, 89%) which crystallized on seeding with material prepared as in example 2. The product of the example, 3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium ylide, is 91.8% pure by HPLC (area %, see example 17 for HPLC method).

EXAMPLE 4 3a,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium Ylide

To a stirred solution of (2S)-1-nitrosoproline (57.6 g, 0.4 mole, example 1) in acetonitrile (400 ml) below 10° C. is added slowly, trifluoroacetic anhydride (107 g, 72 ml, 0.51 mole). The resulting, stirred, dark-red solution is allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a period of 2 hours. Potassium carbonate (anhydrous, powdered, 75 g, 0.54 mole) is then added, in portions, to the stirred solution and the resulting mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. The mixture is filtered and the filtrate is evaporated to dryness under diminished pressure to a residue. The residue is then mixed with dichloromethane (2.5 L). The initial glassy, dark brown mass largely dissolved giving a suspension of inorganic materials. The suspension is filtered and the filter pad is washed with dichloromethane. The filtrates are evaporated under diminished pressure to afford 46 g (91%) of 3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3] oxadiazol-7-ium ylide as a dark liquid that solidified upon standing; m.p. 33-38° C. and the 3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium ylide is used directly in the next step (see example 7).

EXAMPLE 5 Ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate, and Ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate, by Cycloaddition of 3a,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium Ylide With Ethyl Propiolate in 1,2-Diethoxyethane

The 3a,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium ylide (971 g, 7.70 mol, made as in example 2) and 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE, 2913 mL) are charged to a multinecked 12 L round bottom flask, is equipped with a water cooled condenser, and purged with nitrogen. The stirred solution is heated to 120-125° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and ethyl propiolate (971 g, 9.90 mol) is added dropwise over a period of 3 hours (carbon dioxide evolution). The reaction is held at 120-125° C. for about 5 hours until the conversion is >99% (<1% of residual 3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium ylide, by GC-MS analysis). The mixture is then concentrated under oil pump vacuum using a rotary evaporator with a bath temperature up to 70° C. to a residue. About 1.5 kg of toluene is then added to the residue and the mixture is concentrated once more. A dark oil is obtained [1218 g, 46.9% strength, (HPLC) in 41% (real yield of ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate, from crude 3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium ylide]. Ratio of 2- Ylide, Ester to 3- Addition Hold 3, Product 2-Ester Ester Time Time starting Crude 2-Ester % Yield by GC-MS Solvent Temp° C. (hours)* (hours)** (g) (g) Wt % (crude to real) (Area %) DEE 120-125 3 5 971 1218 46.9 41 58/42 DEE 120-125 3 6.2 1400 1988 48.2 47 60/37 DEE 120-125 3 8 827 1075 45.5 42 57/40 *Addition time is the time taken to add the reagent, ethyl propiolate. **Hold time is the time the reaction is allowed to run beyond the addition time. The total reaction time is the sum of the addition time and the hold time.

EXAMPLE 6 Ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate, and Ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate by Cycloaddition of 3a,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium Ylide With Ethyl Propiolate in Chlorobenzene

To 3a,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium Ylide (29.3 g, 0.232 mol prepared as in example 2) and chlorobenzene (97.2 g) under a nitrogen atmosphere at 120-125° C. is added dropwise ethyl propiolate (29.3 g, 0.299 mol) over a period of about 2 hours (carbon dioxide evolution). The reaction is held for about 3 hours until the conversion is >99% (<1% residual according to GC-MS analysis). The GC-MS ratio of the desired isomer, ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate, to the undesired isomer, ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate, is 59/41 The mixture is then washed with water (50 mL). The organic phase is concentrated under oil pump vacuum up to a bath temperature of about 70° C. to afford a residue as a dark oil [39.1 g, 45.3% strength (HPLC) in ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate, 42% (real yield of 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate from crude 3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium ylide)]. The oil is characterized by HPLC, NMR.

EXAMPLE 7 Synthesis and Separation of Ethyl 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate and Ethyl 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate

A solution of 3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo[1,2c][1,2,3]oxadiazol-7-ium ylide (13.5 g, 0.107 mole, crude, from example 4) and ethyl propiolate (15.8 g, 16.3 ml, 0.16 mole) in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (50 ml) is stirred and heated to 120-122° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for a period of 12 hours. The reaction is monitored for completion by HPLC [Prodigy ODS3 4.6×150 mm column, with a 10 minutes gradient from 90:10 to 10:90 water/acetonitrile with 0.02% trifluoroacetic acid. Retention times under these conditions were: 2.6-2.7 min for ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate (the desired, more polar isomer) and 2.8-2.9 min for ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate (the less polar, undesired isomer). The UV detector was set at 215 nm, because at 254 nm the two isomers absorbed very differently, and the undesired isomer was almost undetectable). The mixture is then evaporated to a dark syrup under oil pump vacuum using a bath temperature up to ˜50° C. The ratio of the esters in the dark syrup is determined by NMR, as 2.13 to 1 in favor of the desired ester, ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate. The dark syrup is diluted with toluene and the solution is applied to a column of silica gel (500 mL) prepacked in hexanes by washing onto the column with hexanes. Elution is with hexanes-ethyl acetate mixture (4:1) followed by hexanes-ethyl acetate (1:1). Fractions are monitored by HPLC (same conditions as above). Fractions that contained both esters are combined and chromatographed once more. Fractions containing only ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate are combined and concentrated to give 11 g (57%) of the pure ester as white crystals, m.p. 41-43° C. Similarly, 6.5 g (33.7%) of ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate is obtained as white crystals, m.p. 35-37° C.

EXAMPLE 8 Synthesis of 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid From the Crude Mixture of Esters, Ethyl 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate and Ethyl 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate

Sodium ethoxide solution, in denaturated ethanol (21 wt %, 12 ml, 38 mmol) is added to 6.9 g (38 mmol) of the crude mixture of esters, ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate and ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate in 3A ethanol (containing 3, 7% water, 15 ml) and the mixture is stirred for 10 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere at 15-22° C. Consumption of ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate, is monitored by HPLC [Prodigy ODS3 4.6×150 mm column, 10 minutes gradient from 90:10 to 10:90 water/acetonitrile with 0.02% trifluoroacetic acid, UV detection at 215 nm. Retention times under these conditions were: 2.6-2.7 min. for ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate (the desired, more polar isomer), 2.8-2.9 minutes for ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate (the undesired, less polar isomer) and 0.86 minutes for 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid]. The resulting mixture is evaporated under diminished pressure to a residue as a syrup. The syrup is mixed with ether (25 ml), and the resulting precipitate is collected on a filter. The hygroscopic filter cake is washed with diethyl ether (100 ml) and then dissolved in water (10 ml). The pH of the solution is adjusted to a value of 2 with 1N hydrochloric acid and the mixture extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 ml). The combined organic extract is dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated to give 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid as an off-white solid (1.40 g, 48%), m.p. 140-145° C., which is characterized by NMR, mass spectrum, elemental analysis, and HPLC (Prodigy ODS3 4.6×150 mm column, with a 20 min gradient from 95:5 to 30:70 using water/acetonitrile with 0.02% trifluoroacetic acid and UV detection at 215 nm. The retention time for 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid was 7.2 minutes) The product of the example is used directly in the next step (see example 13).

EXAMPLE 9 Synthesis of the Potassium Salt of 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid From the Mixture of Esters, Ethyl 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate and Ethyl 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate

A freshly prepared solution of potassium hydroxide (87.6% w/w pellets, 307.6 g, 4.80 mol) in 2B ethanol (absolute, 1862 mL) is added over a period of 1 hour to a stirred solution of 1063.6 g [46.5% strength (HPLC), 2.744 mol real)] of the ester mixture [(from example 5), ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate) and ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate] in 2B ethanol (absolute, 1276 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere, while maintaining the temperature in the range 15-22° C. The mixture is stirred for 4-7 hours until ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate, is consumed, as determined by HPLC [Column: Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C8, 4.6×150 mm. Eluant: Acetonitrile/water; wavelength 225 nm. Retention times: potassium 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate, 1.3 min., ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate, 6.4 min., ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylate, 7.3 min., N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide, 2.7 min.] The slurry is filtered and the filter cake is washed with 2B ethanol (1800-2400 ml in portions). The wet cake is dried under vacuum at 60-65° C. to constant weight. Crude potassium 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate [426.3 g, 81% (based on calcd. quantity of] is obtained as a tan, hygroscopic, solid, which is characterized using NMR, HPLC, KF and ash determinations. The cake may optionally be reslurried in 2B ethanol, if necessary, to remove impurities (such as potassium 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid). The product of the example is used directly in the next step (see example 10). Starting KOH/EtOH KOH/EtOH Reaction 2-Acid 2-Acid Crude esters Real Addition Addition Hold K Salt K Salt 2-Ester/3-Ester 2-Ester Time Temp Time Product % yield (g) (g) (hours) ° C. (hours) (g) real to crude 587 275 1 20-25 4 249 85 1064 494 1 17-26 4 426 81 1967 948 1.5 16-18 4 816   81(a) 2700 1150 1.2 10-20 3 1039   86(a) (a)Reslurried with 4 volumes ethyl alcohol to remove residual impurities

EXAMPLE 10 Synthesis of N-Methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide From the Potassium Salt of 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid

To a stirred, cold (10-15° C.) slurry of crude potassium 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate (123.6 g, 0.65 mol, from example 9) in methylene chloride (1234 mL) containing N,N-dimethylformamide (1.8 g) under a nitrogen atmosphere in a 3 L multinecked round bottom flask, fitted with a water cooled condenser, is added thionyl chloride (116.0 g, 0.974 mol) over a period of 45 minutes, while maintaining the temperature below 28° C. The mixture is stirred for about 1 hour and then monitored by HPLC [conditions described in Example 9] until the conversion is >97% to afford the acid chloride. (solution A)

A 5 L multinecked round bottom flask is charged with water (1234 mL), solid potassium carbonate (296.3 g, 2.14 mol) and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (95.0 g, 0.97 mol). The mixture is stirred to obtain a clear solution and the solution is cooled to about 10-15° C. (solution B)

The acid chloride mixture (solution A) is added to (solution B), over a period of 45 minutes while maintaining the temperature at about 10-20° C. The biphasic mixture is stirred for about 1 hour and then checked for completion by HPLC [conditions described in Example 9] The mixture is transferred to a separatory funnel and the lower organic layer is separated. The organic layer is washed with water (1234 mL) and then concentrated under aspirator vacuum initially (and later under oil pump vacuum) using a rotary evaporator, up to a bath temperature of about 90° C. to a residue. On cooling the residue, N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide, (126.8 g, 100%,), is obtained as a tan crystalline solid, mp=56° C., which is characterized by HPLC, NMR, KF and ash determinations. The tan crystalline solid amide, is used directly in the next step (see examples 15 and 16). SOCl₂ Acid Acid Product Starting SOCl₂ Addition/ Chloride Chloride Amide Acid Addition Reaction Addition Addition Product % yield K Salt Time Temp Time Temp Amide crude to (g) (hours) ° C. (hours) ° C. (g) crude 123.6 0.5 11-22 0.65 13-18 126 100   413 1.0 11-34 0.65 15-20 391 92   816 1.0 15-18 1.00 10-20 871 104 (b) 1039 1.5 16-18 1.00 15-20 1121 105 (d) (b) ˜10% residual amine (d) ˜5% residual amine

EXAMPLE 11 Synthesis of N-Methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide From the Potassium Salt of 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid

To a cooled (5-6° C.), stirred suspension of crude potassium 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate (21.9 g, 115 mmol) in dichloromethane (180 mL) containing N,N-dimethylformamide (2.5 mL, 32.3 mmol), is added, dropwise, oxalyl chloride (19.0 mL, 218 mmol) over a period of 10 minutes. The reaction is exothermic with gas evolution. After the addition, the ice-bath is removed and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature. After 5 hours, the solution is added to a cooled, stirred (10-12° C.) suspension of N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (17.6 g, 180 mmol) in dichloromethane (80 mL) containing N,N-diisopropylethyamine (100 mL, 574 mmol). After 18 hours at room temperature, water (150 mL) is added. The two layers are separated. The organic layer is extracted with water (3×150 mL), and the organic layer dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under diminished pressure to give a brown solid which is recrystallized from ether (35 mL) to give 15.6 g (69%) of N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide as a brown solid having HPLC purity, 91.3% (HPLC conditions described in Example 17).

EXAMPLE 12 Synthesis of N-Methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide From the Potassium Salt of 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid

To a cooled (5-6° C.), stirred suspension of crude potassium 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate (0.82 g, 4.3 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 mL), containing N,N-dimethylformamide (0.1 mL, 1.3 mmol), is added, dropwise, oxalyl chloride (0.6 mL, 6.9 mmol). The reaction is exothermic with gas evolution. After the addition, the ice-bath is removed to allow the reaction mixture to stir at room temperature. After 3 hours, the solution is added to a stirred, cooled (10-12° C.) suspension of N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.67 g, 6.9 mmol) in dichloromethane (7 mL) containing pyridine (1.7 mL, 21 mmol). After 40 minutes at room temperature, dichloromethane (35 mL) and water (25 mL) are added. The two layers are separated. The organic layer is extracted with water (2×25 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under diminished pressure to give 0.75 g (89% yield) of N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide as a brown solid.

EXAMPLE 13 Synthesis of N-Methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxamide From 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid

5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid, 3.8 g, 25 mmol) is slurried in 40 ml of 2M oxalyl chloride in dichloromethane, and to the slurry are added a few drops of dimethylformamide. The resulting mixture is stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at 15-22° C. for 10-12 hours. The resulting acid chloride as a dark solution is evaporated to a dry residue. The residue is dissolved in toluene (50 ml) and evaporated once more to give the crude acid chloride. To a stirred mixture of the crude acid chloride in dichloromethane (100 ml) and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.7 g, 27.5 mmol) at 0-5° C. is added pyridine (4.7 g, 3.2 ml, 60 mmol) dropwise under a nitrogen atmosphere while maintaining the temperature about 0-5° C. The resulting stirred mixture is allowed to warm to 15-20° C. over a period of 4 hours and the reaction is monitored for completion by HPLC (Prodigy ODS3 4.6×150 mm column, using a 10 minutes gradient from 90:10 to 10:90 water/acetonitrile with 0.02% trifluoroacetic acid and UV detection at 254 nm. The retention time of the amide was 1.1 min). The mixture is washed with water (50 ml), concentrated, and purified on a short column of silica gel using elution with chloroform to give upon evaporation of volatiles N-Methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxamide, 4.1 g, 86%) as a light-brown crystalline solid, m.p. 45-50° C., which is characterized by NMR, mass spectrum, and elemental analysis.

EXAMPLE 14 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carbaldehyde

To a solution of N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxamide, 2.5 g, 12.8 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (35 mL) cooled to 0-5° C. in an ice/water bath, is added in several portions, lithium aluminum hydride pellets (0.211 g, 5.53 mmol) over a period of 7 hours. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature overnight (16 hours). Thin layer chromatography [TLC: EM Science silica gel 60F-254 plate using solvent (20:1) CH₂Cl₂:CH₃OH; Rf 0.66 (5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carbaldehyde), 0.38 (N-Methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxamide) indicated a minor amount of N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxamide.

The reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C. in an ice/water bath and another portion of lithium aluminum hydride (64 mg, 1.68 mmol) is added. After an additional 3 hours at 0-5° C., a saturated solution of sodium sulfate (1.0 mL) is added dropwise to quench the reaction. After 15 minutes, a grayish gel is formed and tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) and magnesium sulfate (2 g) are added. The mixture is stirred for ten minutes and then filtered. The filtrate is concentrated under diminished pressure to give 1.6 g of a clear, colorless oil. To the colorless oil, dichloromethane (25 mL) and 1.5 N hydrochloric acid (5 mL) are added. The organic layer is concentrated under diminished pressure and dried under oil pump vacuum to give 1.31 g (77% yield) of 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carbaldehyde, as a white solid, having ¹H NMR (CDCl3) 2.67-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.95 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 4.22 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 6.52 (s,1H), 9.89 (s,1H).

EXAMPLE 15 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carbaldehyde

To a stirred, cold (0-5° C.) solution of N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxamide (300 g, 1.54 mol, in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (3.0 L) under a nitrogen atmosphere is added slowly, in portions, lithium aluminum hydride (pellets, 30 g, 0.79 mol) over a period of 0.5 hours. After stirring for 5 hours at 0-5° C. the reaction is quenched by slowly adding saturated sodium sulfate solution (75 mL) to the stirred reaction mixture maintained at 5-15° C. Magnesium sulfate (70 g) is added and the mixture is stirred for 15 minutes. The mixture is then filtered and the filter pad is washed with tetrahydrofuran (1.0 L). The solvent is removed by evaporation at 20-70° C. under diminished pressure to provide a tan-colored oil. The oil is diluted with dichloromethane (1.0 L) and the solution is washed with 1.5 N hydrochloric acid (350 mL). The organic layer is separated and concentrated under aspirator vacuum at 20-70° C. to an oil. Fresh dichloromethane (1.00 L) and water (1.50 L) containing dissolved sodium hydrogensulfite (220 g) are added to the oil. The mixture is stirred for 15 minutes and the phases are separated. The aqueous phase is washed with dichloromethane (2×300 mL). Dichloromethane (1.0 L) and 10 N sodium hydroxide (220 mL) are added (with cooling) to the aqueous phase and the mixture is stirred for 10 minutes The lower organic phase is separated and washed with water (500 mL). The dichloromethane extract is evaporated under diminished pressure at 20-70° C. to give an oil, which crystallizes on cooling, to provide 140.1 g (67%) of 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carbaldehyde, as a white, crystalline solid having, m.p 40-42° C., ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 2.67-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.95 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 4.22 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 6.52 (s, 1H), 9.89 (s, 1H) and HPLC-MS purity, 99.86 % at 12.9 minutes:

Column: Xter C18, 100 mm×2.1 mm

Mobile Phase A: H₂O:CH₃CN 95:5 with 10 m mol of NH₄OAc

Mobile Phase B: CH₃CN:H₂O 95:5 with 10 m mol of NH₄OAc

Flow Rate: 0.2 mL/Min

Gradient: T=0 min, Mobile Phase A (80%), Mobile phase B (20%)

T=40 min, Mobile Phase A (0%), Mobile phase B (100%).

EXAMPLE 16 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carbaldehyde

Lithium aluminum hydride (pellets, 2.90 g, 0.0764 mol) is added to a stirred solution of N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxamide (30.0 g, 0.154 mol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (300 mL) at 0-5° C. and stirred overnight (20 hours) at 0-5° C. under nitrogen. The mixture is then slowly added to a flask containing water (50 ml) and tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) maintained at 5-15° C. Anhydrous sodium sulfate (8.0 g) and anhydrous magnesium sulfate (4.0 g) are added and the mixture is stirred for 0.5 hours. The mixture is filtered, and the filter pad is washed with tetrahydrofuran (100 ml). The filtrate and washings are evaporated under diminished pressure and the residue is stirred for 20 minutes with dichloromethane (150 ml) and 1.5 N hydrochloric acid (40 ml). The phases are separated and water (200 ml) containing dissolved sodium hydrogensulfite (22 g) is added to the organic phase. The mixture is stirred for 20 minutes and the phases are separated. Fresh dichloromethane (150 mL) and 10 N sodium hydroxide (22 mL) are added (with cooling) to the aqueous phase. The mixture is stirred for 20 minutes and the phases are separated. The organic phase is washed with water (100 ml). The dichloromethane extract is evaporated at 20-70° C. to give an oil which crystallizes on cooling to provide 16.1 g (77%) of 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carbaldehyde as a light yellow, crystalline solid having HPLC-MS purity 99.95% (HPLC conditions as in example 15).

EXAMPLE 17 HPLC method for Comparison of Retention times of compounds prepared in examples

Column: Synergi- Hydro RP-80 A, 4 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm Mobil Phase A: 950 ml H₂O/50 ml ACN/0.5 ml H₃PO₄ Mobil Phase B: 950 ml ACN/50 ml H₂O/0.5 ml H₃PO₄ Gradient: Time % A % B 0 100 0 12 100 0 45 40 60 60 0 100 65 0 100 65.1 100 0 75 100 0 Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min Detection: 210 nm (226 nm for quantitating the isomer ratio of the esters) Injection volume: 6-8 μL Sample solution: 3.0 mg dissolved in 10 ml ACN:MeOH 1:1 Column temperature: Ambient

Retention Compound time (min.) (2S)-1-Nitrosoproline 8.4 3a,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-pyrrolo-[1,2-c][1,2,3]- 7.9 oxadiazol-7-ium Ylide Ethyl 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylate 33.1 Ethyl 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-3- 34.1 carboxylate 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid 23.2 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid 22.2 N-Methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]- 26.6 pyrazole-2-carboxamide 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carbaldehyde 26.2 

1. A process for the preparation of bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehydes of Formula I

wherein: Y is (CH₂)_(n); n is 1 or 2; X is NR, O, or S; R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; which process comprises the steps of: a. nitrosating an amino acid I of the formula

wherein X and Y are defined as above with a nitrosating reagent to form a nitroso compound of formula 2 wherein X and Y are defined as above

b. reacting the nitroso compound 2 with a dehydrating agent and neutralizing with an inorganic base to form the ylide of formula 3 wherein X and Y are defined as above

c. reacting the ylide of formula 3 with a propiolate ester of formula 4 HC≡CCO₂R₁   4 where R₁ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in aprotic solvents to form a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester of formula 5 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester of formula 6 wherein R₁, X and Y are defined as above

d. reacting the mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 with a hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ where M is an alkali metal or R₄N where R₄ is straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms when R₅ is H, in an alcohol solvent, or when M is an alkali metal and R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in an aqueous alcohol solvent to preferentially form a salt 7 of the formula wherein X, Y and M are defined as above

e. isolating the salt 7; f. reacting the salt 7 with acid to form bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 of formula wherein X and Y are defined as above

g. reacting the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 or salts thereof with an acid halide reagent or coupling reagent to form an activated intermediate of formula 9 where Q is a leaving group formed from the coupling reagent or acid halide reagent wherein X and Y are defined as above

h. reacting an activated intermediate of formula 9 or the bicyclic-heteroaryl carboxylic acid 8 with a substituted hydroxylamine of the formula R₃NHOR₂ 10 where R₂ and R₃ are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the presence of an organic base or inorganic base to provide an amide of formula 11 wherein X, Y, R₂ and R₃ are defined as above

i. reducing the amide of formula 11 with a reducing agent to provide a bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I wherein X and Y are defined as above

and isolating the heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I.
 2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the nitrosating reagent is sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid.
 3. A process according to claim 1 wherein R₁ is methyl or ethyl.
 4. The process according to claim 1 wherein the dehydrating agent is trifluoroacetic anhydride.
 5. A process according to claim 1 wherein the aprotic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide, chlorobenzene or 1,2-diethoxyethane at a temperature of about 100-165° C.
 6. A process according to claim 5 wherein the aprotic solvent is 1,2-diethoxyethane or chlorobenzene at a temperature of about 120-125° C. forming a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester 5 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester 6 in a ratio, in the range of about 1:1.5 to about 1:2.5.
 7. A process according to claim 1 wherein up to 2 moles of hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ in ethanol is used where M is sodium or potassium and R₅ is H.
 8. A process according to claim 7 wherein M is potassium.
 9. A process according to claim 1 wherein the acid is selected from hydrochloric or sulfuric.
 10. A process according to claim 1 wherein the acid halide reagent is SO₂Q₂ or QCOCOQ where Q is chloro or bromo.
 11. A process according to claim 10 wherein the acid halide reagent is selected from thionyl bromide, thionyl choride and oxalyl chloride.
 12. A process according to claim 11 wherein the acid halide reagent is oxalyl chloride.
 13. A process according to claim 1 wherein the coupling reagent is selected from 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride-hydroxybenzotriazole (DEC/HBT), carbonyldiimidazole, carbonyldimidazole/hydroxybenzotriazole dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/HBT, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide, 2-ethoxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ), 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide, diphenylphosphinyl chloride (DPPCl), propanephosphonic anhydride (propanephosphonic acid anhydride, PAA), diethylphosphoryl cyanide, phenyldichlorophosphate plus imidazole, benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP-reagent), N,N′bis[2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl]phosphorodiamidic chloride (BOB Cl), 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, bromo-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, thionyl chloride, thionyl bromide, oxalyl chloride, cyanuric fluoride, isobutyl chloroformate, isopropenyl chloroformate, pentafluorophenyl trifluoroacetate, diphenylphoshoryl azide and diethylphosphoryl cyanide.
 14. The process according to claim 1 wherein the organic base is selected from triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, and pyridine.
 15. The process according to claim 1 wherein the substituted hydroxylamine is reacted under Schotten-Baumen conditions.
 16. The process according to claim 1 wherein the reducing agent is a hydride reagent.
 17. The process according to claim 16 wherein the hydride reagent is selected from lithium aluminum hydride and diisobutyl aluminum hydride [DIBAL(H)].
 18. (canceled)
 19. (canceled)
 20. The process according to claim 1 wherein the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I is purified as the water soluble sodium bisulfite complex.
 21. A process for the preparation of bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehydes of Formula I

wherein: Y is (CH₂)_(n); n is 1 or 2; X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; which process comprises the steps of: a. reacting a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester of formula 5 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester of formula 6 wherein R₁ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and X and Y are defined as above

with a hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ where M is an alkali metal or R₄N where R₄ is straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms when R₅ is H, in an alcohol solvent, or when M is an alkali metal and R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in an aqueous alcohol solvent to preferentially form a salt 7 wherein X, Y and M are defined as above

b. isolating the salt 7; c. reacting the salt 7 with acid to form bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 of the formula wherein X and Y are defined as above

d. reacting the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 or salts thereof with an acid halide reagent or coupling reagent to form a activated intermediate of formula 9 wherein X and Y are defined as above where Q is a leaving group formed from the coupling reagent or acid halide reagent

e. reacting an activated intermediate of formula 9 or the carboxylic acid 8 with a substituted hydroxylamine of the formula R₃NHOR₂ 10 where R₂ and R₃ are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the presence of an organic base or inorganic base to provide an amide of formula 11 wherein X, Y, R₂, and R₃ are defined as above

f. reducing the amide of formula 11 with a reducing agent to provide an bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I wherein X and Y are defined as above

and isolating the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I.
 22. A process according to claim 21 wherein R₁ is methyl or ethyl.
 23. A process according to claim 22 wherein up to 2 moles of hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ in ethanol is used where M is sodium or potassium and R₅ is H.
 24. A process according to claim 23 wherein M is potassium.
 25. A process according to claim 21 wherein the acid halide reagent is SO₂Q₂ or QCOCOQ where Q is chloro or bromo.
 26. A process according to claim 25 wherein the acid halide reagent is selected from thionyl choride, oxalyl chloride and thionyl bromide.
 27. A process according to claim 26 wherein the acid halide reagent is oxalyl chloride.
 28. A process according to claim 21 wherein the coupling reagent is selected from 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride-hydroxybenzotriazole (DEC/HBT), carbonyldiimidazole, carbonyldimidazole/hydroxybenzotriazole dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/HBT, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide, 2-ethoxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ), 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide, diphenylphosphinyl chloride (DPPCl), propanephosphonic anhydride (propanephosphonic acid anhydride, PAA), diethylphosphoryl cyanide, phenyldichlorophosphate plus imidazole, benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP-reagent), N,N′bis[2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl]phosphorodiamidic chloride (BOB Cl), 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, bromo-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, thionyl chloride, thionyl bromide, oxalyl chloride, cyanuric fluoride, isobutyl chloroformate, isopropenyl chloroformate, pentafluorophenyl trifluoroacetate, diphenylphoshoryl azide and diethylphosphoryl cyanide.
 29. The process according to claim 21 wherein the organic base is selected from triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, and pyridine.
 30. The process according to claim 21 wherein the substituted hydroxylamine is reacted under Schotten-Baumen conditions.
 31. The process according to claim 21 wherein the reducing agent is a hydride reagent.
 32. The process according to claim 31 wherein the hydride reagent is selected from lithium aluminum hydride and disobutyl aluminum hydride [DIBAL(H)].
 33. The process according to claim 21 wherein X is —CH₂—.
 34. The compound 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carbaldehyde prepared by the process of claim
 21. 35. The process according to claim 21 wherein the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I is purified as the water soluble sodium bisulfite complex.
 36. A process for the preparation of bicyclic-heteroaryl 2-carboxylic acid salt of formula 7

wherein: Y is (CH₂)_(n); n is 1 or 2; X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); M is an alkali metal salt or H; provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; which process comprises the steps of: a. reacting a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylate ester of formula 5 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylate ester of formula 6 wherein R₁ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and X and Y are defined as above

with a hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ where M is an alkali metal or R₄N where R₄ is straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms when R₅ is H, in an alcohol solvent, or when M is an alkali metal and R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in an aqueous alcohol solvent to preferentially form a salt 7 wherein X, Y and M are defined as above

b. isolating the salt
 7. c. optionally reacting the salt 7 with acid to form the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 of the formula wherein X and Y are defined as above

and isolating the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid
 8. 37. A process according to claim 36 wherein up to 2 moles of hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ in ethanol is used where M is sodium or potassium and R₅ is H.
 38. The process according to claim 36 wherein potassium salt of 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid is produced.
 39. A compound of the formula

wherein: Y is (CH₂)_(n); n is 1 or 2; X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; R₂ and R₃ are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
 40. A compound according to claim 39 wherein X is —CH₂—.
 41. The compound according to claim 40 which is N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide.
 42. A compound of the formula 8

wherein: Y is (CH₂)_(n); n is 1 or 2; X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; or an alkali metal salt thereof.
 43. The compound according to claim 42 where the alkali metal is potassium and X is —CH₂—.
 44. The compound according to claim 42 which is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid or the potassium salt thereof.
 45. A process for the preparation of bicyclic heteroaryl penem-2-carboxylic acid 16 protected acid, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or preferably an alkali metal salt of the formula

wherein: one of A and B denotes hydrogen and the other a moiety

Y is (CH₂)_(n); n is 1 or 2; X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; R₃ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R₆ is H, an in vivo hydrolyzable ester selected from the group C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, —CHR₃OCOC₁-C₆, benzyl or p-nitrobenzyl protecting groups or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, preferably an alkali metal salt; which process comprises the steps of: a. nitrosating an amino acid 1 of the formula

wherein X and Y are defined as above with a nitrosating reagent to form a nitroso compound of formula 2 wherein X and Y are defined as above

b. reacting the nitroso compound 2 with a dehydrating agent and neutralizing with inorganic base to form the ylide of formula 3 wherein X and Y are defined as above

c. reacting the ylide of formula 3 with a propiolate ester of formula 4 HC≡CCO₂R₁   4 where R₁ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in aprotic solvents to form a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylic acid ester 5 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid ester 6 wherein R₁, X and Y are defined as above

d. reacting the mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylic ester 5 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic ester 6 with a hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ where M is an alkali metal or R₄N where R₄ is straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms when R₅ is H, in an alcohol solvent, or when M is an alkali metal and R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in an aqueous alcohol solvent to preferentially form a salt 7 wherein X, Y and M are defined as above

e. isolating the salt 7; f. reacting the salt 7 with mineral acid to form bicyclic-heteroaryl 2-carboxylic acid 8 of formula

g. reacting the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 or salts thereof with an acid halide reagent or coupling reagent to form an activated intermediate of formula 9 where Q is a leaving group formed from the coupling reagent or acid halide reagent wherein X and Y are defined as above

reacting an activated intermediate of formula 9 or the bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid 8 with a substituted hydroxylamine of the formula R₃NHOR₂ 10 where R₂ and R₃ are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the presence of an organic base to provide an amide of formula 11 wherein X, Y, R₂, and R₃ are defined as above

h. reducing the amide of formula 11 with a reducing agent to provide a bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I wherein X, Y, R₂ and R₃ are defined as above

i. condensing the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I with bromo-penem 13 of the formula

R₆ having a protected acid where R₆ is an in vivo hydrolyzable ester selected from the group C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, and —CHR₃OCOC₁-C₆ or additionally benzyl or p-nitrobenzyl protecting groups; in the presence of a Lewis acid, and a mild base to form an aldol 14 of the formula wherein X, Y and R₆ are defined as above

j. reacting aldol 14 with an acid chloride or anhydride, (R₄)Cl or (R₄)₂O, or with tetrahalomethane, C(X₁)₄, and triphenyl phosphine, to form intermediate compound 15 wherein R₄ is alkylSO₂, arylSO₂, alkylCO, or arylCO; X₁ is Br, I, or Cl; X, Y and R₆ are as defined above; and R₅ is X₁ or OR₄; and

k. converting the intermediate compound 15 by a reductive elimination process to the bicyclic-heteroaryl-penem-2-carboxylic acid 16 where R₆ is H and A and B are defined as above and if desired converting to an ester wherein R₆ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, or —CHR₃OCOC₁-C₆, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt preferably an alkali metal salt of the formula

and isolating the bicyclic-heteroaryl-penem-2-carboxylic acid, preferably as an alkali salt.
 46. A process according to claim 45 wherein the Lewis acid is anhydrous magnesium halide.
 47. A process according to claim 46 wherein the Lewis acid is anhydrous MgBr₂.
 48. A process according to claim 45 wherein the mild base is triethylamine, dimethylaminopyridine or diisopropyl ethyl amine.
 49. A process according to claim 45 wherein the low temperature is from about −20° C. to about −40° C.
 50. A process according to claim 45 wherein intermediate compound 15 is an acetate, triflate or a tosylate.
 51. A process according to claim 45 wherein the intermediate compound 15 is not isolated.
 52. A process according to claim 45 wherein the reductive elimination process is carried out using activated zinc and a phosphate buffer at a pH of about 6.5 to 8.0 or hydrogenating over a catalyst.
 53. A process according to claim 52 wherein the catalyst is palladium on charcoal.
 54. A process according to claim 52 wherein the reductive elimination process is at a temperature of about 20° C. to 35° C.
 55. The process according to claim 45 wherein the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I is purified as the water soluble sodium bisulfite complex.
 56. A process for the preparation of a bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde of Formula I

wherein: Y is (CH₂)_(n); n is 1 or 2; X is NR, O, S, or CH₂; R is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or arylalkyl(C₁ to C₆); provided n is 2 when X is NR or O; which process comprises reducing a compound as claimed in claim 39 with a reducing agent to provide a bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde having Formula I.
 57. A process according to claim 56, wherein the compound as claimed in claim 39 is prepared by reacting a mixture of bicyclic-heteroaryl-3-carboxylic acid ester 5 and bicyclic-heteroaryl-2-carboxylic acid ester 6

wherein where R₁ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and X and Y are as defined in claim 55, with a hydrolyzing reagent MOR₅ where M is an alkali metal or R₄N where R₄ is straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms when R₅ is H, in an alcohol solvent, or when M is an alkali metal and R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in an aqueous alcohol solvent to form a bicyclic-heteroaryl 2-carboxylic acid 8 of formula

(wherein X and Y are defined as above) in free or salt form and reacting the bicyclic-heteroaryl 2-carboxylic acid 8 or a reactive derivative thereof with an amine having the formula R₃NHOR₂ 10 (where R₂ and R₃ are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms) or a reactive derivative thereof to form an amide.
 58. A process according to claim 56 wherein X is —CH₂—.
 59. A process according to claim 57 wherein X is —CH₂—.
 60. A process according to claim 58 wherein the compound having the formula 11 is N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide.
 61. A process according to claim 59 wherein the compound having the formula 11 is N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide.
 62. A process for the preparation of bicyclic heteroaryl penem-2-carboxylic acid 16 protected acid, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or preferably an alkali metal salt of the formula

wherein: one of A and B denotes hydrogen and the other a moiety

(wherein X and Y are as defined in claim 55) and R₆ is H, an in vivo hydrolyzable ester selected from the group C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, —CHR₃OCOC₁-C₆, benzyl or p-nitrobenzyl protecting groups or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, preferably an alkali metal salt; which process comprises (1) reducing a compound as claimed in claim 39 with a reducing agent to provide a bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde having Formula I

wherein Y and X are as defined above and (2) converting the bicyclic heteroaryl carboxaldehyde having Formula I into the compound having formula
 16. 63. A process according to claim 62, wherein the compound as claimed in claim 39 is prepared in the manner defined in claim
 57. 64. A process according to claim 62 wherein X is —CH₂—.
 65. A process according to claim 63 wherein X is —CH₂—.
 66. A process according to claim 64 wherein the compound having the formula 11 is N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide.
 67. A process according to claim 65 wherein the compound having the formula 11 is N-methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]-pyrazole-2-carboxamide.
 68. A process according to claim 62 to prepare (5R, 6Z)-6-(5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazol-2-yl-methylene)-7-oxo-4-thiazabicyclo-[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, sodium salt.
 69. A process according to claim 63 to prepare (5R, 6Z)-6-(5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazol-2-yl-methylene)-7-oxo-4-thiazabicyclo-[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, sodium salt.
 70. A process according to claim 64 to prepare (5R, 6Z)-6-(5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazol-2-yl-methylene)-7-oxo-4-thiazabicyclo-[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, sodium salt.
 71. A process according to claim 65 to prepare (5R, 6Z)-6-(5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazol-2-yl-methylene)-7-oxo-4-thiazabicyclo-[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, sodium salt.
 72. A process according to claim 66 to prepare (5R, 6Z)-6-(5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazol-2-yl-methylene)-7-oxo-4-thiazabicyclo-[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, sodium salt. 